The Enron Scandal: How Confirmation Bias Led to a Financial Catastrophe

Enron’s meteoric rise and subsequent fall remains one of the most infamous financial scandals in history. Celebrated as a pioneer in the energy sector during the late 1990s, Enron was widely praised for its innovative strategies and impressive growth. However, beneath the facade of success lay a series […]

The Rise and Fall of IBM’s Watson: A Case Study in Confirmation Bias

IBM’s Watson was heralded as a groundbreaking artificial intelligence system, designed to understand and answer questions posed in natural language. The project’s inception was marked by high expectations, robust investments, and significant media buzz. Watson’s initial success—particularly its triumph on the quiz show “Jeopardy!” in 2011—bolstered confidence in […]